Horse Round Pen
Technological and industrial history of Canada – quickturn pcb – pcb boards Manufacturer by hi joiney
The Stone Age Fire 14 000 BC AD 1600 Technology is a major cultural determinant no less important in shaping human lives than philosophy religion social organization or political systems In the broadest sense these forces are also aspects of technology The French sociologist Jacques Ellul defined la technique as the totality of all rational methods in every field of human activity so that for example education law sports propaganda and the social sciences are all technologies in that sense At the other end of the scale common parlance limits the term s meaning to specific industrial arts The diffusion of technology in what is now Canada began with the arrival of the first humans about 14 000 BC These people brought with them stone and bone tools These took the form of arrowheads axes blades scrappers needles harpoon heads and fishhooks used mostly to kill animals and fish for food and skins They also brought fire which they used for heating their dwellings and for cooking which was done on open fires There were no clay pots or ovens In the Arctic the Innu used stick frames covered with animal skins for shelter during the summer months while during the harsh winter they built houses made of snow or igloos On the plains native peoples used the well known teepee This consisted of a number of poles arranged to form a conical structure which was in turn covered with animal skins In central Canada the long house was popular This large structure was built from interwoven branches and could house 70 to 80 people Several of these structures would be built together to form a village which was often surrounded by a palisade of logs stuck vertically into the ground as protection from hostile tribes On the west coast native peoples constructed dwellings made from heavy timber These structures were built near the water s edge and were often decorated with elaborate and elegant carved images Transportation techniques were simple The aboriginal peoples did not have the wheel horses or the sail The paddle powered canoe was the most common means of transport and was especially practical during the summer considering the large number of lakes and rivers that characterized the topography The duggout was favoured in the waters off the west coast Summer travel also saw use of the travois a simple type of sled that was pulled over the ground by a dog and used to transport a light load In the winter snow shoes made walking in the deep snow practical Winter transport in the Arctic made use of dog teams and in warmer summer months use of kayaks was common Clothing was made of animal skins which were cut with stone and bone tools and sewn with bone needles and animal sinews Native peoples did not have textiles For the most part native peoples were hunters and gatherers chasing large animals and fishing for a source of protein Wild plants and fruits that also an important food source A common easily stored and readily transportable food was pemmican dried powdered meat mixed with fat berries and vegetables In central Canada there was limited agriculture which allowed the storage of some food during times of privation Of note was the fact that they did not have the plough or draught animals The first peoples had techniques for dealing with disease Medicines included those made from high bush cranberries oil of wintergreen and bloodroot among others A type of tea made from the bark of the spruce or hemlock could prevent or cure scurvy The first peoples did not have a written language Their extensive knowledge of the natural world and information relating to their customs and traditions was passed orally Weapons of war were made by hand from wood and stone The long range weapon of these times was the bow and arrow with an effective range of up to 100 metres Close in fighting was conducted with a range of simple armaments including stone tipped spears stone axes tomahawk stone blades used as knives and stone and wooden clubs of various types Because there was no knowledge of metalworking with the exception of some small items of jewelry made from copper weapons such as swords and metal knives were not part of this early arsenal The Age of Sail Ships symbolic language and the wheel 16001830 The arrival of white explorers and colonists in the 1500s introduced those technologies popular in Europe at the time such as iron making the wheel writing paper printing books newspapers long range navigation large ship construction stone and brick and mortar construction surgery firearms new crops livestock the knife fork and spoon china plates and cups weed cotton and linen cloth horses and livestock Transportation Shipbuilding and the Wheel The use of wind and water as sources of power were major developments in the technological history of the new colonies Ships with large masts and huge canvas sails maintained the link between the colonies and the imperial centres Paris France until 1769 and London England until the arrival of steam power in 1850 The ships in service were built not only in Europe but also in the colonies The construction of these vessels shipbuilding was a remarkable feat in the nascent colonies of New France and British North America representing the dominant sector of the colonial manufacturing industry for 200 years Design and construction techniques reflected those popular in northern Europe during the period Intendant Jean Talon established the Royal Dockyard on the St Charles River in Quebec City and the first 120 ton vessel was launched there in 1666 Three other ships including a 450 ton galiotte were built before Talon departure for France in 1672 and four more were built in Quebec between 1704 and 1712 followed by another nine between 1714 and 1717 Work at the Royal Dockyard recommenced in 1739 and by 1744 twelve vessels had been constructed there including the Canada a 500 ton merchantman Demand for ships was such that a second Royal Dockyard was established in 1746 on the St Lawrence at the foot of Cap Diamante where the largest vessel of the French Regime a 72 gun 800 ton war ship was built The fall of New France to the British in 1759 put an end to these activities However the beginning of the nineteenth century witnessed a revival The British loss of the American colonies with their associated shipbuilding industry the subsequent British loss of Baltic sources of timber as well as Canada abundant supply of wood along with the tradition of shipbuilding established in New France made British North America an ideal location for a renewed shipbuilding industry Quebec City and Saint John New Brunswick both centres of timber export also became dominant centres for this activity not only in Canada but worldwide The ships were intended for trade mostly with Britain and common designs included the two masted brig and brigantine and the popular barque with three masts or more Designs of between 500 and 1000 tons which sacrificed speed in favour of a voluminous hold that was well suited to the carriage of timber were preferred The Californian and Australian gold rushes of 1848 and 1851 respectively further fed the demand for Canada large ocean vessels However the arrival of the iron and steel hulled steam ship associated with the Canadian inability to adapt to this new technology eventually bankrupted the industry in the latter years of the century Inland travel by the coureurs de bois was by way of an Indian invention the canoe The York boat and bateau were also popular for travel on inland waters The York boat was used by traders working for the Hudson Bay Company and was named after the fur trading post at York Factory on Hudson Bay The York boat was more stable larger and had a greater carrying capacity than the canoe The first was built in 1794 and numbers of these craft navigated the rivers of the northern prairie region as far west as Fort Chipewyan until replaced by the steamboat in the nineteenth century The flat bottomed bateau was another craft used on Canada inland waters by both British and French colonists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries Within settlements transport was often simply a matter of walking around town The Horse introduced by the new arrivals in 1665 also provided a new and convenient mode of transport The wooden cart waggon and carriage made possible by the introduction of the wheel in combination with the horse dramatically improved the transport of people and goods The first graded road in Canada was built by Samuel de Champlain in 1606 and linked the settlement at Port Royal to Digby Cape 16 kilometres away By 1734 Quebec City and Montreal were connected by a road Le chemin du roi along the north shore of the St Lawrence The 267 km distance could be traversed with great difficulty and discomfort by horse drawn carriage in four to five days Most roads were of very poor quality especially in wet weather To overcome this problem logs were often placed side by side crosswise to cover ruts puddles and mud holes The result was a more solid but very bumpy surface that was referred to as a corduroy road Work on what would be called the longest street in the world formally known as Yonge Street began in York Toronto in 1795 under the direction of Deputy Surveyor General Augustus Jones Initially a trail it ran from Eglington Avenue to St Albans Holland Landing and later much further north The task of widening the path into a road fell to local farmers The period also saw the construction a number of important canals including the Rideau Canal Ottawaingston 1820 the Lachine Canal Montreal 1825 the Ottawa River Canals at Grenville and Carillon Quebec 1834 and the Chambly Canal Chambly Quebec 1843 Communication Symbolic Language The introduction of written language and mathematics to the new world was of paramount importance The 26 letter Roman based alphabet that formed the basis for French and English words was arguably much more flexible that the pictographs that characterized eastern languages The pen along with ink and paper made written communication possible and allowed private individuals businessmen the clergy and government officials to produce the documents essential for social commercial religious and political intercourse This created a need for mail service Messages were originally carried between settlements on the St Lawrence by canoe After 1734 the road between Montreal and Quebec was used by a special courier to carry official dispatches In 1755 a post office was opened in Halifax by Benjamin Franklin the Post Master of the British colonies as part of a trans Atlantic mail service that he established between Falmouth England and New York In 1763 Franklin opened other post offices in Quebec City Trois Rivires and Montreal with a link from the latter city to New York and the trans Atlantic service The War of American Independence seriously disrupted mail service in Canada but by 1783 peace had been restored and Hugh Finlay was appointed Post Master for the northern colonies in 1784 That same year Finlay hired Pierre Durand to survey an all Canadian mail route to Halifax The path chosen took 15 weeks for a round trip Although the written word was a vital part of communications French colonial policy opposed the establishment of newspapers in New France Canada s first paper the Halifax Gazette produced on a simple printing press began publication in 1752 under the watchful eye of John Bushell In 1764 the Quebec Gazette was established in Quebec City by William Brown and Thomas Gilmore The Montreal Gazette was founded in that city in 1785 by Fleury Mesplet Other newspapers followed including the Upper Canada Gazette at Newark Niagara on the Lake in 1793 the first newspaper in what is now Ontario the Quebec City Mercury 1805 the Montreal Herald 1811 Le Canadien 1806 La Minerve 1826 and the Colonial Advocate and Novascotian both in 1824 These publications were simple affairs typeset by hand consisting of only a few pages produced in limited quantities on simple presses and of limited distribution Energy Wind power was used to some to turn the sails of the windmill which did not come into widespread use However water power was used extensively to power grist mill in both New France and later Quebec and Upper Canada and Lower Canada Animal power in the form of the horse or ox was used to work the fields The first horses were introduced to New France in 1665 Fire from a wood or oil fuel source was not new but the use of stone fireplaces and ovens along with metal pots and pans dramatically changed the nature of cooking Industry Between the 1530s and 1626 Basque whalers whaling frequented the waters of Newfoundland and the north shore of the Gulf of St Lawrence from the Strait of Bell Isle to the mouth of the Sagenuay River They constructed stone ovens ashore for fires to melt whale fat However as whales became scarce the cod fishery fishing off the Grand Banks of Newfoundland became hotly contested by the British and French in the sixteenth and seventeenth century The British used small boats close to shore from which they caught the cod with hook and line They practised the dry fishery technique which involved shore based settlements for the drying of cod on flakes or racks placed in the open air for their subsequent transport back to Europe The French on the other hand practised the green fishery which involved processing the catch with salt aboard ship At the same time a fleet of schooners fishing for cod halibut haddock and mackerel became prominent off the Atlantic coast The use of the long line and purse seine net increased the size of the catch It is ironic that a phenomenon as fickle as fashion would be responsible for the economic development and exploration of half a continent but such was the case with the fur trade in North America between 1650 and 1850 The subject of bitter rivalry between the British and French Empires and inter corporate rivalry among a number of business organizations notably the Hud
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Round pen work with horse (connecting 1)
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